Centre For Energy Petroleum And Mineral Law Environmental Sciences Essay

This hatful has assessed the humans manifestation of the Tema vegetable cover colour Refinery. The analytical cont resi unwrap-of-pocket adopted for the survey involves twain the computation of nil authorisations and potentiality uses. The cipher strengths showed that the refinery is non address-effective in footings of its muscle requirement from 2000 to 2011 as it ordinary yearbook aught strength of 0.07KOE per gigabyte KOE of rocky anoint small is much higher as comp ard to separatewises with 0.05KOE per century0 KOE of earthy vegetable cover refined and consequently piteous universal monstrance in footings of push white plague. The exits as well as indicated that, TOR s cognitive content use rate fell betwixt 14.26 % and 69.95 % which is small-scale as comp ard to the general benchmark capacity use rate of 85 % and thus, exe stinging infra prohi maculationedlooks. The survey in addition examined managerial attitudes that influence th e refinery s national introduction. The result revea direct that unequal system railway c atomic number 18, inadequateness of attachment to gross(a) whippyness demand and government policy of subsidization has wedge negatively on the domain founding the refinery.WORD COUNT 4,089PRESENTED TO Dr Xiaoyi MuCONTRACT CONCERNING PLAGIARISMI, the undersigned, curb subscribe to the Code of Practice sing piracy contained in the Students Introductory Handbook. I derive that this Code governs the air in which the center field for nada, oil and Mineral Law and indemnity respects and treats the issue of plagiarism. I hurl understood the Code and in remarkable I am cognizant of the effects, which whitethorn follow if I br from each one that codification. I anyway autho cost profit the Centre to discern the e-copy of my investigate paper through and through and through the plagiarization Detection Softw atomic number 18 to observe plagiarismSIGNED ___________________________ _Date bow OF CONTENTaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa refer OF ABREVIATIONSaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaList OF TABLESaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaList OF FIGURESaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..INTRODUCTIONaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..BACKGROUNDaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa2.1 spherical Refineries and ameliorateaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..2.2 State of Tema oil Refinery in gold coast ( TOR ) aaaaaaaaaa..2.3 supposititious Frameworkaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .3.0 depth psychology AND handling OF FINDINGSaaaaaaaaaaaa .3. 1 technical sound judgement ( TA ) aaaaaaaaaaaaa..3.10 substance dr peaked(predicate)aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa3.11 vim specialityaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..3.2 managerial judgment ( MA ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .3.20 sustentation Cultureaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa3.21 administration polity of Subsidyaaaaaaaaaaaaa4.0 CONCLUSIONaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..BIBLIGRAPHYaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa List OF ABREVIATIONSTA skilful AssessmentTOR Tema harsh oil RefineryIOC International bad- ported oil companionNOC interior(a) inunct fri overthrowsh ipBSPD Barrels Per DayRFCC counterpoise fluent catalytic CrackerCDU bounderish distillation wholeKOE Kilotonnes of Oil EquivalenceLPG liquefy fossil oil GasCU expertness utilisationEI zippo IntensityCRP Paraguana Refinery compositeGHAIP gold coast Italian unadulterated CompanyATK Aviation Turbine KeroseneOMC Oil grocerying CompanyList OF TABLES dishearten 1 Crude Oil Input and oil color sidetrack ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011aaa.. table 2 vegetable oil Product toil and Import ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011a..Table 3 Tema Oil Refinery goose egg pick up Analysisaaaaaaaaa .Table 4 Tema Oil Refinery Summary Characteristicsaaaaaaaa..List OF FIGURESFigure 1 course in Crude Oil Input And oil Output ( 2009-2011 ) aaaaaaaa..Figure 2 T stopping pointency of Domestic Refinery Supply ( Output ) and import Quantity Of Petroleum Products ( 2000-2011 ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa1.0 IntroductionCrude oil in its rude(a) province has no quantify until it is modify into merc handises much(prenominal) as heating oil, Gasoline, Gasoil and other sodding(a) oil merchandises. 1 at that placefore to refiner, the hold dear of vegetable oil is nil other than the rank of merchandises derived from it. 2 world(prenominal)ly, the capacity of refineries continues to improver as they expand. In the pre-war epoch, justness was considered to be in its aureate age as they were economic to run. However, the hereafter promises to convey new-made challenges and a competitory displacement that require new accomplishments and capacities to win. Refineries owned by International Oil Companies ( IOCs ) almost at times take expeditiously than National Oil Companies ( NOC ) as these IOCs ar involve in quaternate activities. 3 IOCs are able to minimize the short-term cyclical effects of rough oil pecuniary determine and uncertainnesss of the market receivable to the integrating of Refining and exploration activities. However, NOCs and other independent refin ers are indefensible as they are exposed to the misfortune of monetary value volatility. 4 On Afri force out refineries in general, De Gouvello et al report that solely 7 of the part s operating refineries erect be categorize as human race graduated table. That is, triple in Nigeria, collar in second Africa and one in Sudan and all other refining capacities crosswise the part are kettle . 5 The capacity of the Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) can non be exempted from this categorization. TOR corporate in 1960 as a simple hydro planing industrial plant refinery, over the past(a) old ages has been the solitary refinery in Ghana with the ascendancy to smooth rough oil to bring forwards naive oil merchandises to run into the demands of the relegate. 6 It is required to transport out this authorization in an cost-efficient safe and environmentally friendly mode. It has undergone enormous reconstituting giving it more duties as its capacity additions from 28,000 BSPD to 45, 000 BSPD. 7 A Residual runny Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a capacity of 14,000 BSPD has alike been added to the installation to enable it change over low value rest from the Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline. It relies on about 80 % of electrical power generated internally and the staying 20 % from the national grid. 8 When compared to other refineries in the innovation and in Africa, TOR trading operations are secondary as it has moreover 55 per cent ( 55 % ) pot of the interior(prenominal) crude oil market. 9 It end mathematical harvest-home degree has been on the diminution for the past 11 old ages given rise to import of more crude oil merchandises to fulfill home(prenominal) demands. It has of late, been sing uncompromising pulley-blocks collect to dislocations of whatever equipment. All these touched the end product of the refinery and therefore considered to be executing ill.This survey assessed the in the public eye(predicate) presentation of TOR for the past 11 old ages ( 2000-2011 ) . It is through with(p) to show a puddle synopsis and image of the public presentation of Ghana s lone Refinery in the state. some(prenominal) question workers have adopted various attacks and uninflected shafts much(prenominal) as efficacy Intensities and power exercising to stride the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be unfavourable in its estimate, but particular(a) to merely technological efficiency. The survey did it appraisal utilizing both scientific Assessment Tools such as postcode Intensities and cap expertness enjoyment and Managerial Assessment Approaches such as assist civilization, consistency with the oil flexible demands of the refinery and government activity policy of subsidization of crude oil merchandises.This survey is organised into iv chapters. Chapter one covered the Introduction. The back setting, the province of TOR and the suppositious model are captured in chapter two. Chapter three contained the compend and treatments of the consequences. Chapter quad is the reasoning chapter.Background2.1 Global Refineries and PolishingThe acculturation procedure is important to the crude oil value concatenation because petroleum oil has no value until it is alter into concluding crude oil merchandises. Refining of petroleum oil started each second early as 1861 in the linked State of America. 10 The first refinery was candid 1861 to bring forth kerosine for illuming and warming. 11 Technological promotion led to the innovation of car and Electric illuming systems and shifted the procedure from kerosine to repulse supplys chiefly Gasoline. 12 Polishing engineering continues to gain and as a consequence led to the debut of the Thermal Cracking and Catalytic Cracker in 1913 and mid-1930 severally. 13 Since so, the ikon of runing refineries on planetary footing has non increase sig nificantly. However, polishing capacity continues to spread out and germinate as major expansionary plants are carried out on the bing 1s. The largest refinery in news show is the Paraguana Refinery Complex ( CRP ) located in Amuay and Cardon Venezuela with a refinement capacity of 940,000 metal drum per 24 hours. 14 But sometimes the Reliance Industries I and II located next each other in Jamnagar India are combined, doing it the largest individual(a) refinement composite in the universe with a capacity of 1,240,000 drumfish per twenty-four hours ( Reliance In. I, 660,000 and Reliance In. II, 580,000 ) .However, ExxonMobile Corporation is rank as the universe s prima(predicate) refiner with a refinement capacity of 5,797,000 barrel per twenty-four hours. 15 Most refineries on the African continent operate under smaller capacities. Merely a a few(prenominal) are considered to be of universe quantity. Harmonizing to BP statistical Review zippo Survey 2012, Africa had a 2011 refinery capacity of approximately 3.56 % of the universe sum. Skikda Refinery in Algeria is the largest in African with a capacity of 300,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by reticular activating system Lanuf working in Libya. 16 The Port-Harcourt Refineries I and II situated in Nigeria are the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa with a built-in capacity of 210,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by Shell/BP Sapref Refinery located in Durban with a capacity of 165,000 barrel per twenty-four hours. 17 The Tema Oil Refinery is the lone Refinery in Ghana charged with the duty of polishing rough oil to bring forth crude oil merchandises for national using up.2.2 State of Tema Oil Refinery in Ghana ( TOR )The Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) was before known as the Ghana Italian Petroleum Company ( GHAIP ) Limited incorporated in 1960 but started operation in 1963 as a merely hydro planing refinery works. 18 The administration of Ghana, by common discretion with ENI-Nazionie I ntercarboni bought equity retention, therefore given it ( authorities ) 100 % ownership of the alliance. 19 As a state-owned refinery, the name changed from GHAIP to Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) in 1990.TOR started with an initial refinement capacity of 28,000BSPD, but as a national plus, a Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) was installed in 1997 change magnitude it capacity to 45,000BSPD. 20 A Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a touch on capacity of 14,000BSPD was overly added in 2002 to enable the refinery convert low value residue from the CDU to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline. 21 TOR was by design intentional to polish merely airheaded and seraphic petroleum. However, the invariably lifting of rough oil monetary values made committee to amalgamate different petroleums as a musical mode of optimizing its borders. Assorted unmortgaged and sweet petroleums such as Brass, River, Forcados and Palanca are import from dwell states such as Ni geria, Equatorial, Guinea, Cameroon Gabon and Angola for refinement. 22 The end products of TOR include Diesel, Petrol, LPG, Aviation Turbine Kerosene ( ATK ) , Naphtha, admixture and Residual fuel. 23 The nucleus interrelate of TOR is to leave refined crude oil merchandises for the domestic market. But it has merely 55 per cent ( 55 % ) portion of the domestic market. 24 The refinery depended entirely on imported petroleum for it labor until 2010 when it received some rough oil from domestic production. The in superpower of TOR to bring forth to petroleum merchandises for the adept domestic demands of the state has created the demand for importing of refined merchandises into the domestic market and the lifting degrees of these imports have raised concerns among the Ghanese populace. Table 1 provides informations on the measures of rough oil commentary and crude oil end product of the refinery from 2000 to 2011. Figure 1 depicts the Trend in rough oil input and crude oil en d product for the identical period.YearCrude inputPetroleum End product20001,131.81,028.420011,262.91,070.020021,179.41,155.520031,406.21,351.720041,813.51,604.120051,645.51,540.82006962.2891.220071,242.51,195.020081,396.71,221.52009441.4327.12010902.5946.420111,242.9957.7Table 1 Crude OIL INPUT AND rig ( Kilotonnes ) FOR TOR ( 2000-2011 ) first National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011 25 FIG. 1 track IN yokelish OIL INPUT AND PETROLEUM widening ( 2009-2011 ) base conceit of the WriterFrom Table 1, it can be seen that, the class by twelvemonth petroleum input exceeded the crude oil end product produced. This is due to losingss incurred during refinement. It is besides observed that 2006, 2009 and 2010 recorded a much refuse decreases in both petroleum inputs and crude oil end products with 2009 entering the worse of it. These are cause of hapless public presentation of the refinery. receivable to this hapless public presentation in 2006, the authorities of Ghana approached two southeast Korean Companies, SK Corporation and Samsung Corporation to deal a interest as portion of programs to bring forth US $ 6 billion for infrastructural contrivement at heart the refinery. 26 However, the trade did non overstep due to undecomposed challenges the refinery was sing at that clip.Again, Table 2 shows the measure of domestic refinery lend and the measure of imported crude oil merchandises into the state from 2000 to 2011. Figure 2 illustrates the Trend of these measures for the kindred period.Table 2 Petroleum proceeds PRODUCTION AND IMPORT ( Kilotonnes )Year congeries REQUIREMENTDOMESTIC REFINRY SUPPLY trade QUANTITYPercentage OF merchandise ( % )20001,844.71,028.4816.344.2520011,870.91,070.0800.942.8120021,905.21,155.5749.739.3520031,920.81,351.7569.129.6320042,183.61,604.1579.526.5420052,119.11,540.8578.327.2820062,199.2891.21,308.259.4820072,390.71,195.01,195.750.0120082259.21,221.51,037.745.9320092,088.3327.11,761.284.3420102,536.2946.41,589.862.6820 113,066.4957.72,108.768.77Beginning National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011FIG. 2 TREND OF DOMESTIC REFINERY SUPPLY ( OUTPUT ) AND IMPORTED QUANTITY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ( 2000-2011 ) Beginning Concept of the WriterFrom both Table 2 and Figure 2, it is observed that, as domestic refinery supply additions, imports tend to diminish from 2000 up to 2004. However, this relationship reverted. From 2005 to 2011, the portion of crude oil imports has been on the addition traveling from 578.3 kilotonnes in to 2005 to every bit high as 2,108.7 kilotonnes in 2011 while that of domestic refinery supply continues to diminish from 1,540.8 kilotonnes in 2005 to every bit low as 957.7 kilotonnes in 2011.All these deficits are attributable to both skilful inefficiencies and managerial inefficiencies which are discussed into inside informations in the pursuit subdivision of this survey.2.3 Theoretical ModelThe attending of most intellectuals since 1970 has ever been on the Energy use and effectual direction of refineries in the develop universe states. Romulo et Al purported that complex refineries can better their aptitude ingestion through assorted ways such as increased heat interchange betwixt procedure watercourse, thermic exchange within and in the midst of process units and hotter charge nourishment between units, usage of more efficient furnace procedures and other smart ways of development modern engineering. 27 Romulo et Al evaluated the energy efficiency of Brazilian petroleum oil refinement and compared it with the refinement of petroleum oil in US from 1930 to 2008. They concluded that, a Brazilian refinery with a capacity of 157,000 barrel per twenty-four hours which undergone modernization in 2008 cost US $ 1.3 billion and as such realised an addition of 17 % in its capacity. The consequence besides indicated that, the refinery energy ingestion fell from 0.75MBtu to 0.52MBtu per barrel touch and hence addition in complexness reduces the energy consumed in the concluding production procedure. 28 Others contended that there is no individual manner of amount the public presentation of refineries across board despite the fact that, refinement procedures are energy intensive and exergy analytic thinking appeared to be the most regular tool for sound judgment. For illustration, Badmus et Al reviewed the public presentation assessment on the refineries in Nigeria utilizing energy strengths for the analysis and conclude that, the energy ingestion forms of the four refineries are below international benchmark in the oil and gas industry. 29 Jesuleye et Al besides contributed to what this survey referred to as Technological Appraisal . 30 They besides evaluated the energy demand of Port Harcourt refinery in Nigeria and its policy deductions through the computation of energy strengths as a manner of reclaiming the one-year energy demand of the refinery. The consequence showed that the existent energy demand per twelvemonth for tre ating rough oil into crude oil merchandises exceeded, in changing grades the stipulated refinery criterion of 4 barrels of oil equivalent ( BOE ) per 100 BOE as the grounds revealed a reach between 4.28 BOE and 8.58 BOE per 100 BOE processed. They nevertheless, included a managerial attitude as Turn-Around Maintenance agenda in their analysis which this survey considered to be of import in step the public presentation of refineries.Many research workers have adopted different attacks and Analytic tools such as Energy Intensities and expertness usage to measure the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be critical in the appraisal, but limited to merely technological efficiency and therefore classify the attack as Technological Assessment of public presentation.Research workers with their different intellectual positions evaluated the public presentation of refineries across the universe with the usage of different analytical tools as they exist. One of the most widely recognized and realistic tool used is the Solomon Energy Intensity Indicator ( SEII ) . 31 It provides a more realistic contemplation of energy strength of the refinery as it creates room for works by program analysis, considered the different types of concluding merchandises, recognises the fact that production procedures are particularised and takes into history the operations of the works.Harmonizing to Nyboer and Rivers 2002 cited by Jesuleye et Al, this order has been embraced and applied late by the Canadian Industry Program for Energy saving in Canada in an effort to develop Energy ingestion benchmark demonstrate for conventional crude oil refinement in Canada.For the intent of this survey, the application of SEII could non happen due to the absence of single informations on energy ingestion and the specific performance degrees of the refinery. However, the Energy strengths were calculated based on the concluding energy ingestion of TOR and its boilers suit end product. As indicated by O. A. Jesuleye et Al, the abstractive account has it root from the European scotch Commission Funded undertaking titled Energy Master Plan for Rural ripening in Nigeria. 32 The competency Utilisation of the refinery was besides determined utilizing it end product to guarantee a full assessment of the proficient efficiency of the refinery. The survey besides investigated into the managerial facets of the refinery.3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGSBoth Technological Assessment ( TA ) and Managerial Assessment ( MA ) are carried out on TOR to determine realistic grounds why the refinery is executing so ill.TA rivet on the Energy consume through the finding of yearly Energy Intensities utilizing utmost Energy Consumption method and the annual efficiency Utilisations utilizing the Capacity Utilisation attack.3. 1 Technological Assessment ( TA )Energy Intensity ( EI ) = Final Energy Demand aaaaa ( 1 )Crude processedCap acity Utilisation ( CU ) = Output produced X 100aaaaa.. ( 2 )Actual production degreeThe assorted yearbook Energy Intensities and yearbook Capacity Utilisations from 2000 to 2011 are presented in Table 4 below.Table 3 TEMA OIL REFINERY ENERGY DEMAND ANALYSISYear*Final Energy Demand ( KOE/Yr )*Crude Input ( KOE )*Petroleum End product**Annual Energy Intensities KOE/1000*Required standard Intensity KOE/1000**Annual Capacity Utilisation %*Benchmark capacity Utilisation %200061.51,131.81,028.40.054 atomic number 1144.4885200164.11,262.91,070.00.050 atomic number 1146.66852002sodium1,179.41,155.5 atomic number 11sodium50.39852003sodium1,406.21,351.7sodiumsodium58.94852004Sodium1,813.51,604.1SodiumSodium69.95852005Sodium1,645.51,540.8SodiumSodium67.1985200660.2962.2891.20.063Sodium38.8685200778.41,242.51,195.00.063Sodium52.1185200887.81,396.71,221.50.063Sodium53.2785200944.5441.4327.10.101Sodium14.2685201082.6902.5946.40.092Sodium41.2785201190.31,242.9957.70.073Sodium41.7685Beginning * Datas from National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011**Calculated values utilizing EI and CU expressionsNA Not on hand(predicate)Table 4 TEMA OIL REFINERY digest CHARACTERISTICSUnit of measurementStatusCapacityBPSD45,000Average ANNUAL CAPACITY practice session**% ( KOE )48.29Average ANNUAL ENERGY enthusiasm**1000Kt/yr0.07Entire LOSSES figure*% ( KOE )3-6* Entire Losses Estimate of 3-6 % is obtained from National Energy Commission, 2011,** Calculated from Table 4.3.1.0 Capacity UtilisationFrom Table 4, the Annual Capacity Utilisation of the refinery ranged between 14.26 % in 2009 and 69.95 % in 2004. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery has an Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % . This is much lower as compared to the general benchmark Capacity Utilisation of 85 % in the refinement industry. It shows that the refinery is runing under criterion and hence indicates a hapless public presentation. Losses besides accounted for about 3-6 % of petroleum inputs as indicated in T able 5. These losingss are due to the low capacity and inefficiency of the premium reformist of the refinery.3.1.1 Energy IntensityFrom Table 4, the Annual Energy Intensities of the refinery ranged between 0.050 KOE in 2001 and 0.101 in 2009 per 1000 of petroleum processed. This shows that the refinery was more energy efficiency in its ingestion in 2001 than in 2009. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery besides has an Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07 KOE per 1000. When compared to the Annual Energy Intensity of other refineries point with much higher capacities such as Port Harcourt Refinery with a stipulated Intensity of 0.04 KOE per 1000, TOR is unable in footings of Energy Consumption. This shows the refinery consumes more energy, charge though its end product degrees are falling and therefore indicates hapless public presentation on it portion.From the above Technological Assessment, it clear that the Tema Oil Refinery is executing ill as it produces below capacity, c onsumes more energy than others and incurred greater per centum of losingss.3.2 Managerial Appraisal3.2.0 Maintenance CultureThere are a figure of direction think issues which impacted negatively on the public presentation of TOR. These included the followers The unsuccessful person of direction to constantly transport out care on the installation causes shop closing of the refinery. Harmonizing to Odiguri et Al cited by Badmus et Al 2012, the Turn Around Maintenance recap and repair of refineries in general, is recommended to be undertaken every 18 or 24 month. 33 This is non done at TOR. Care is merely carried out when a mistake is detected. 34 Even at the point of transporting out care, direction still employ antique industrial practises. This attitude of direction affected the proficient efficiency of the refinery and hence, lowers the end product than expected.A break in H2O supply is yet another ground that consequences in the hapless public presentation of the refinery. TOR addiction entirely on Ghana urine Company Limited for supply of H2O. 35 This beginning nevertheless, is non dependable as the company commonly encounter frequent dislocations due its elderly grapevines. 36 Any break in H2O supply to the refinery causes intermittent closure of the refinery and as such, reduces the end product of the refinery at those times.Lack of conformity to crude flexibility regulations at TOR besides influences its public presentation. The refinery was intentionally designed to polish merely light and sweet petroleum.However, direction tend to mix light rancid petroleum with light and sweet petroleum as manner of maximizing their net income borders due to the lifting monetary values of light petroleum. 37 This normally affects the operations and efficiency of the refinery, therefore cut downing its concluding end product.3.21 Government Policy of SubsidyAs a state-owned refinery, the activities of Government can non be excluded from the grounds why TOR performs so ill. Government as the exclusive proprietor of the refinery uses the National Petroleum Authority as a regulative native social structure to find the monetary values of crude oil merchandises in the state. 38 This organic structure besides has the duty of implementing authorities policy instruments such as revenue enhancement enhancements and subsidies at the crude oil subsector degree. To continue ex-pump monetary values of fuel depression, the authorities to a great extent subsidize ex-refinery monetary values. 39 In 2003 authorities premium on fuel was 29.5 % but increase it to about 39.7 % of the monetary value in 2005. 40 In entire, the authorities spent about US $ 276 million on fuel bounty entirely by the terminal of 2011. However, these monies are barely recovered by the refinery. Non-payment of measures by Oil Marketing Companies ( OMCs ) besides increases the predicament of TOR. This increases the liability of the refinery and hence reduces its ability to procure rough oil for its operation.patronage the fact that proficient efficiency and Capacity Utilisation are important in finding the public presentation of a refinery, managerial patterns and Government activity are every bit of import in measuring the public presentation of TOR as they give accounts to the causes of these inefficiencies and therefore, supply empirical groundss to the ground why TOR is executing so ill.4.0 DecisionBased on the Analysis and happening on TOR, it is clear that the usage of Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation as indicated by other research workers are of import considerations in measuring the public presentation of refineries. But managerial patterns such as care civilization, conformity with care ordinances, conformity with rough flexibility demand and Government policies proved to be influential in refinery public presentation and as such must be considered by future surveies. The survey showed that Energy Intensity and Capacity Utilisa tion find the Technical Efficiency of the refinery. From the survey, the energy ingestion of TOR is non efficient as compared to others. Besides, TOR losingss are due to proficient inefficiencies and managerial inaccuracies. It Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07KOE/1000 is hapless as others have Average Annual Energy of 0.05KOE/1000. Besides, the Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % is far below the criterion bench grade of 85 % . There is besides unequal system care at TOR which has impacted negatively on its public presentation. From the survey it is apparent that, non-payment of subsidy measures by authorities affected it ability to procure rough oil for its operations and therefore cut downing its end product. These hence suggest that, the Tema Oil Refinery is so executing ill due to Technical and Managerial challenges at the installation.