Ancient Egyptian Math

In the ancient times, Egypt was a very large, complex nation. The ancient Egyptians did many things, but did they use Math? There are several evidences that the Egyptians, indeed used mathematics. Most of our knowledge of Egyptian math comes from two mathematical papyri: The Rhind Papyrus, and the Moscow Papyrus. These documents contain many ancient Egyptian math problems. We also know the Egyptians used math just by looking at their architecture! The Great Pyramid at Giza is an incredible feat of engineering. This gives us one clear indication that the society had reached a high level of achievement.Another indicator is that early hieroglyphic numerals can be found on temples, stone monuments and vases. Beginning with the basics, here is how the Egyptians used math: Number System: The Egyptians had a base 10 system of hieroglyphs for numerals. This means that they had separate symbols for one unit, one ten, one hundred, one thousand, one ten thousand, one hundred thousand, and one m illion. For example, to make up the number 159, fifteen symbols are required:1 â€Å"hundred† symbol, 5 â€Å"ten† symbols, and 9 â€Å"unit† symbols. Over time the Egyptians came up with another form of numbers. These numbers were called â€Å"hieratic numerals†.These numerals were much more detailed, but more memorization was needed to remember all the symbols. The Hieratic Numerals included the numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70,80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000 With this system, only a few symbols were needed to form large numbers. For example, the number 777 only uses 3 hieratic symbols, instead of 21 hieroglyphs. Adding and Subtracting: Adding and subtracting was a very simple process. All you would do was take the two numbers you were adding together and put the same symbols into the same group.For example, say that P stands for 1, and M stands for 10 . All you need to do is add the numbers 15 and 27 together. PPPPP M = 15 PPPPPPP MM=27 To add those together we simply combine them. PPPPPPPPPPPP MMM= PP MMMM (42) The same process is used for subtraction. Multiplication: To multiply 2 numbers of any size, all you need to know is how to add. To multiply 2 numbers you would write them in a column form. Let’s multiply 36 and 21. We write the equation like this: 36 x 21 Below the two numbers each make 2 columns. The first column always begins with the number 1, and each number in that column doubles each time you write it. o your first column would look like this: 36 x 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 For the 2nd column, under the 21, begin with the number you are multiplying, and double that number each line. 21 21 42 84 168 336 672 1344 2688 In the end you should have two columns that look like this: 36 x 21 1 21 2 42 4 84 8 168 16 336 32 672 64 1344 128 2688 You then take numbers from the first column that will add up to 36: 32+4 = 36 Ne xt plug in the corresponding numbers in the 2nd column to the equation that makes up the first number (in this example the number is 36).For example, the corresponding number to the number 2 is 42. The number across from the number 32 is 672, and the number across from the number 4 is 84. All I have to do is add those 2 numbers together: 672+84= 756 36Ãâ€"21=756 And there is your answer! Division is a reversal of the multiplication process: 300/25 1. 25 2. 50 4. 100 8. 200 16. 400 32. 800 64. 1600 200 + 100 = 300 Match the corresponding numbers: 8+4 = 12 The answer is 12. These multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction methods are all found on the Rhind and Moscow papyrus. What are these Papyri?They are ancient documents from around 2000 BC that have many advanced math formulas and problems on them. The Rhind Papyrus: The Rhind Papyrus is named after the British collector, Alexander Rhind, who found it in 1858. The Rhind Papyrus is located in the British Museum, and conta ins mathematics problems and solutions. There are 84 math problems including simple equations, geometric series & simultaneous equations, determining, geometric series, and simple algebra found on the papyrus. The Moscow Papyrus: In the 19th century, an Egyptologist- Vladimir Golenishchev, found the apyrus and brought it to Russia.The Moscow papyrus contains only about 25 math problems. Of the 25 math problems, 7 of them are geometry. The papyrus is now located in the Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow The Ancient Egyptians obviously had a very good understanding of mathematics. They looked for patterns and found ways to add, subtract, multiply and divide. They came up with many formulas and tricks they helped their societies become more advanced. They have contributed much to our modern math world. So, the lesson to learn from this? Don’t underestimate math. Math is in everything!

Project Management Recommendation Essay

In response it is to your previous E-mail with the attention of the projects of Juniper, Palomino and Stargazer. The team is found and analyzed the three projects, assessed the risk that each project contains as well as returns on investment (ROI). There are many aspects one should think over when performing an investment decision. These may include the hypothesis of underlying the potential benefits and the ability to calculate and quantify the costs and benefits. However, the team concluded Stargazer Project in the best option comparing to other two projects. The logic behind for not selecting the other two projects is that juniper’s risk of completion of the project on time is low. While is Palomino not valued at with the medium risk of completion and the uncertainty of the costs of the products. The procedure used for reaching the decision was by utilizing the feasibility study. In addition to that, the feasibility study was based on the information observed the team durin g the initial stage of the project. This will define and summarize the findings of these projects in a way that supports sound decision making. The reason of introducing the feasibility study is to provide reliable analysis for the project that will make sense to the company in general. Furthermore, it will answer several important questions concerning of the project these may include length of the project, benefits and risks and Return on investment (ROI) to Piper Industries. Introducing the feasibility study for both Juniper and Palomino projects, materials introduced would not present as with the Stargazer model. Although is Stargazer carries the highest risk comparing the other projects. The team believes bases on the analysis that it provides accommodation for the project to perform high-risk, high- reward. After the actual risk of the project has been acknowledged, the project team estimates the risk based on the probability that may likely  happen, and the possible loss related with the project. To mitigate the risk the team will search an alternative to reduce the operating costs as its forecasted the derivative product will cost more. The fundamental decision of the big- picture is what mix of projects is best for the organization. A company must have the right mix of the projects that extremely assists the company’s strategy. This can be aligned Stargazer model because of the research and the development previously started for the new widgets as well the significant changes that will provide modern markets. (Jacobs & Chase, 2011). Break- Even Analysis Break – even analysis helps to provide reliable information between sales and profits as well as the costs. It also contributes an analysis the amount of success of the project must achieve. Finally, the approach presents to organizations a benchmark to compare a process or a project to what level of operating leverage will create better profits. However, comparing the projects’ Stargazer is the most likely project that will create the highest revenue. (Jacobs & Chase, 2011) The five phases of project planning A project is a set of activities that normally coordinate toward some major output and planned considerable period of time to carry out. In the meantime, project management is described as planning, directing, and controlling resources, which are the people, equipment and the material in order to meet the technical, cost and the limitations of the project. (Jacobs & Chase, 2011), There are five distinctive phases in project management that imply the stargazer model. First-Phase is the Project Conception and Initiation. The focal point of this phase is to secure the project that it is demonstrated into practical and will benefit the Piper Industries Corp. Second phase is project definition and planning. During this phase, the extent of the project will require an outline so the work which has to be performed is attainable. These may include activities that arrange budgets and timelines. Furthermore, planning incorporates the creation of clear and precise objectives defines the work  activities that have to be done in order achieve the planned objective. The purpose may necessitate the achievement of a condition that varies from the present one. Third Phase is the project execution. In this phase, the team must start executing the project against their assigned responsibilities. This phase is where every team member will start the task. It will coordinate the team and the resource to execute the different tasks of the project. Fourth Phase is the project controlling and Monitoring. In this phase of controlling the project manager must start monitoring the situation closely in order to make sure that the tasks are moving as it is planned. There are several ways to control the project this may involve a check – ins with team and more official weekly meeting, together with organized daily stand -ups are considered productive. (Jacobs & Chase, 2011) Project close when all the tasks of the project are approved the firm. The project is officially closed. The manager of the project must organize all the necessary information for future reference. Key Deliverables The Stargazer project is based on the content in order to meet clear deliverable in a matter for the firm to be successful and to consider the project beneficial. Researching and developing new widget and delivering such an innovative product to the market will help in the long-term strategy. References Chase, R. (2011). Operations and supply chain management (13th ed.). Boston, MA McGraw – Hill Irwin .. Jacobs, F. R., & Chase, R. (2011). Operations and supply management (13th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin Project Management Recommendation Email [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, OPS/571 Operations Management website.

Bible Essay Example for Free

Bible Essay Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA There are many accounts in the Bible that state God as the creator. Genesis 1 and 2 are both creation stories but slightly differ in their accounts; Genesis 1 is a day by day account of all the things God created in not so much detail whereas Genesis 2 explains the creation story in a way that focuses more on the creation of man and woman than just the lands. Having two accounts of the creation story means that it is easier to come up with your own conclusion as to how the earth was created. The first line of Genesis 1 is â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth† There is no explanation as to where God came from or why He is there, He just exists and creates the heavens and the earth. This alone is showing God as the creator. Genesis then carries on to state all the things God created all with no scientific or physical proof or evidence as to why and how God is doing so. â€Å"So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them† This quote is from line 27 and is on the 6th day. The repetition of the word ‘created’ is enforcing to the reader that God is the creator of everything and this is done so that there is no doubt in the readers mind whether God is the creator or not. God creating man and woman in his own image is showing that we are superior to other beings such as animals which shows that God is the humans superior. Being made in Gods image is his way of blessing the humans in life as we are made in the ‘Creators’ image. â€Å"Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote is saying that God is passing down his ‘ruler ship’ on to the humans. This means that God is starting to ‘back away’ from his previous role and now feels that he has created a world that the inhabitants (humans) can look after. Genesis two is another creation story but has a few differences to Genesis 1. While Genesis 1 speaks a lot more of the specifics of how and when each part of the earth was made, Genesis 2 speaks a whole lot more about the creation of humans rather than the land. The most time that the creation of land is mentioned is at the beginning of Genesis 2. â€Å"This is the account of the heavens and the earth when they were created. When the LORD God made the earth and the heavens-â€Å" This is the first thing said in Genesis 2 and it is stating that God is the creator. It says that God created both the heavens and the earth; there is never any question or vagueness about God creating the heavens and the earth it is all very matter of fact. Although Genesis 2 doesn’t always speak of God ‘creating’ things it often personifies God in such a way that he is planting or making objects. â€Å"And the LORD God made all kinds of trees grow out of the ground-â€Å" This quote doesn’t say that God created the trees but made them grow from the ground, this is essentially saying that He created them as it was the first sighting of trees but is said in a different way as so not to force the ‘creation’ down your throat like Genesis 1 does. This is so that you can come to your own conclusion about which one is more plausible or correct but there is still no doubt as to god being the creator. Job 38 from the Book of Job is a story of how Satan and God have a disagreement where Satan was saying that Job only worships God because he is prosperous in his life, God then agrees to take away all his possessions and leave him with nothing to show Satan that Job would still worship him even if he was left with nothing. Job’s three friends Eliphaz, Bildad and Zophar try to comfort Job but they end up doing the opposite and tell Job that the reason for all his losses is because he has sinned and now God is making him suffer. In the end Job has had enough and questions God, this makes God angry and then Job has a better understanding and realises that he should have trusted God all along. God then returns all of Jobs health and possession in better amounts than they previously were. This story is God showing his power and his superiority to humans. â€Å"Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundation? † This is God saying that he is mightier than any human and they do not compare to His power. This is also showing that God is omnipotent and that we know nothing compared to him. This is all enforcing that God is the creator and better than all the humans. â€Å"Have you ever given orders to the morning, or shown the dawn it’s place,† This is saying that God has dominance over everything in the world, humans and nature. After Gods account of all his majestic works (such as the world and humans) and power, Job has to acknowledge God’s right as creator to do as he pleases and to not be questioned. Job is essentially the personification of all humans who do not believe god as the creator, Job doubted God and his ability so god became angry; this is supposedly what happens every time someone doubts God. Psalm 8 is a song about the lord God and his creation. â€Å"You have set your glory above the heavens† While this quote form the first verse isn’t directly linked to God being the creator it is saying that God has stated his glory in a way that so far in this psalm we do not know yet, we know that God has glory which could mean he has done something great. â€Å"When I consider the heavens, the work of your fingers† Now we start to work out what it is that causes God to have glory, â€Å"the work of your fingers† we are literally told that God has made the heavens with his ‘fingers’. This personification of God shows that people saw him as one of them but also appreciated his greater power, this could possibly relate to humans being made in God’s image. â€Å"you made him a little lower than the heavenly beings† This quote is, like Job 38, stating God’s dominance over the humans. God made humans a little lower than heavenly beings so that they knew their place and that they were lesser than himself ‘the creator’. Bible. (2018, Oct 23).

The importance of information to organisations Essay

The importance of information to organisations - Essay Example e package designed to engage and entertain its customers such as the the Starbucks Entertainment division which is engaged in promoting and marketing of popular books, music and films. It’s outlets spread worldwide are equally popular in local as well as international markets. Owing to the ongoing environmental crisis and the heightened awareness of global warming, the company contributes its share by adopting environmental friendly measures. Starbucks was ranked at #17 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as one of the Top 25 Green Power Partners for the purchase of renewable energy2. The company strives to establish itself as a market leader by promoting business practices which would assist them in engendering social, environmental and economic assistance for communities where they operate. It centers its efforts in offering excellent work environment for its employees, making positive contribution to its communities, establishing long term and cordial working relations with the coffee farmers and taking stringent measures in reducing their environmental footprints4. Starbucks Entertainment comprises of a selection of finest quality music, books and films aimed at offering maximum ease and satisfaction to its customers and has several strategic alliances with some of the major players in the entertainment industry and has teamed with Apple iTunes which offers exclusive soundtracks which can be downloaded from the site. Strategic decisions involve the choice of alternatives which has the potential of having a significant impact on the company’s success in the long term. Tactical decisions on the other hand involve decision making in the day to day process that are required to reach the ultimate strategic goals of the organization. Operational decisions involve decision making in the routine decisions that affect the functioning of the organization such as planning, production sales, staffing, adjusting production rates, as well as controlling the

Customer Care as a Tool for Accelerated Public Health Care Thesis

Customer Care as a Tool for Accelerated Public Health Care - Thesis Example From this discussio it is clear that  the government of Ghana takes full responsibility in management of the public facilities (including the public institutional health facilities) through financial services as well as the general management practices. It is in this understanding that this research is framed aimed at understanding service delivery by institutional based health facilities with special attention to the university hospitals. Though there are various university hospitals in operation within the country under the public domain, this research is directed towards specifically three-university hospital for ease of efficiency and convenience. Special focus is directed towards types and levels of the customer services that are offered within these institutions, which are not restricted towards the students only but are rather open and accessible by all the public.  As the study stresses  in Ghana, the classification of hospitals comes in different categories. Commonly t hough, it is likely to have a generalized classification such as government hospitals, private hospitals, institutional hospitals and mission hospitals. University hospitals are often placed under institutional hospitals and regardless of the fact that these university hospitals may be government assisted in terms of finances, their main administrative care is left in the hands of the university authorities.  

Greek and Roman Architecture and Chartres Cathedral Essay

Greek and Roman Architecture and Chartres Cathedral - Essay Example The inspiration was mainly derived from â€Å"Mycenaean megaron.† Their religious temples were different from those of Egyptians and Hindus, however; their temples had â€Å"Cella† which is their porch or the centre room with the statue of god in the centre as the main chief of the temple. This Cella or the centre room was usually surrounded by single or double rows of columns. Their Columns hold a central position in the design of the temple. The idea and design of post and lintel design of the columns was an inspiration derived from Egyptians which Greeks changed with their own decoration and format. They typically used Ionic, Doric and Corinthian design for column building. On the other hand, Romans followed Greek architectural design in buildings. Romans were the first ones to use concrete as an important building material. Their architectural design developed a relationship between the form and the function. They were the first ones to introduce roman arch in their temple designs. Their three famous structures include The Aqueducts, The Coliseum and The Pantheon. Chartres Cathedral in France is the best example of Gothic architecture. Chartres Cathedral best expresses the gothic art in the modern world today through its intact sculptures and stained glass windows. The Cathedral was completed in three different stages and each stage adds a different gothic touch to the building. The Cathedral is a magnificent piece of artwork, sculptures and towers. The towers are inspired by the Roman designs and style (Titus Burckhardt). The Cathedral has almost 150 stained glass windows which represent different stories and events from the bibles. Greeks and Romans have left their heavy influence on the history of architecture. They added meaning, expression and intelligence to the design of the buildings and temples which were followed by other nations,

Compare culture's different Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compare culture's different - Research Paper Example This paper is a comparison between the Chinese and the American culture, while focusing especially on Boston’s culture when talking about America. To start with, Chinese culture believes in team work, group collaboration, and collective effort toward achieving goals and objectives, be they organizational goals or personal goals. Group cooperation is valued and encouraged. On the other hand, American culture, as is also seen in Boston, individualism prevails (Markus and Kitayama). An individual here has to rely on his own self for the accomplishment of his personal goals. American people are self-made as they do not believe in group collaboration, and thus, many of them spend lives living alone. Family system is poorer here in Boston in particular and America in general. Since the Chinese culture believes in group effort, family system there is much stronger. If we talk about business culture, Chinese culture believes in formal, hierarchical structure of social relationships. T his means that Chinese people like to know their specific position in a group or an organization, where they know how they have to behave and interact. On the other hand, American business culture is informal. Social rankings are less important, and people feel comfortable in interacting with each other due to absence of formalities. However, Chinese businesspeople give great importance to building relationships with their partners and stakeholders. They may get very frank, and prefer face-to-face communication. American people give more importance to business dealings rather than building relationships. American is an aggressive business style; while, Chinese is a very careful one. As for personal and social relationships, Chinese people keep a very small circle of friends, who are reliable, good friends. They are mostly lifelong friends, who would do anything to help out a friend in need. On the other hand, American people, especially here in Boston, people keep a lot of friends, most of whom are only acquaintances. They keep on changing friends from time to time and place to place. This has become a part of popular culture in Boston. Chinese personal relationships are also stronger, and most of them are life-long. Chinese people keep strong commitments. American popular culture has influenced people to keep short-term relationships. Hence, trust lacks in American relationships. It is interesting to note here that Chinese people expect the obligation in reverse too. When they commit in a relationship, they expect the same kind of commitment from the other person. Contrarily, American people avoid getting into relationships that demand long-term commitment in the first place. Hence, American people show more acceptance toward romantic love rather than life-long commitment in the form of marriage (Fitzpatrick et al. 113-127; Gao 329-342). Pan and Vanhonacker write in their article, that Chinese system is collective, and thus, family is a part of social norms. Chinese people have to get married because for them, family is an extension of society and not of an individual. Chinese people need to create a family in order to be socially accepted. On the other hand, since American culture is individualistic, hence family is considered as an

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example CSR is also known as Corporate Conscience or corporate citizenship. It basically refers to the responsibilities that companies have to the locals within the communities they operate. Companies incur short term costs by engaging in CSR activities with no guarantee of immediate financial benefits. Nevertheless, CSR promotes positive environmental and social changes in the society, which lays a good foundation for further business activities for the businesses. Another significant component of CSR policies is the self-regulation mechanism. CSR grants companies the freedom to regulate themselves in terms of monitoring their business activities to ensure they comply with the legal framework in place as well as adhering to accepted ethical standards and international norms for doing business. However, some CSR models allow firms to go beyond the regulatory frameworks by engaging in actions that promote social good in the community (Glac, 2014, p. 66). Essentially, the main objectives of CSR are embracing responsibility for corporate actions and encouraging organizations to create a positive impact on the environment and various stakeholders in the business activities such as consumers, investors, local communities, and employees. CSR is the commitment that companies have in creating policies that integrate their responsible business operations with responsible practices, as well as timely reporting on the progress made towards implementing the outlined CSR policies. Initially, CSR strategies only focused on philanthropy as the main means of relating with the community (Hiller, 2013, p. 299)). However, the expansion of the concept of CSRS over the years has led to broadening of the scope of corporate responsibility to include commitments to improving the quality of lives of the community as well as other key stakeholders in the company, and contributing towards a

Economics Regulation and Market Structures Essay

Economics Regulation and Market Structures - Essay Example Economic regulation affects new companies who want to enter into a market. This reason why new competitors are affected is that they may not be able to enter into a market due to this form of regulation. Social regulation deals with exact social problems such as toxic waste, produce safety, employee safety, and prejudice (â€Å"Social Regulation†). Social regulation exists because in the 60s and 70s the government established regulatory agencies to handle a wide variety of social problems. The entities affected by social regulation include local businesses and citizens. Businesses may have to have a plan to deal with social problems, while citizens may have their rights restricted in terms of what they can purchase. A natural monopoly occurs when a firm can fulfil the market demand for a good or service at a cheaper price than all other competitors (â€Å"Natural Monopoly†). The reason why natural monopolies occur is because sometimes a market can only support one produ cer. According to economic theory, firms can attain monopolies because of unique raw materials, technology, or other factors. An example of a natural monopoly is the gas industry. It is uneconomical to build new infrastructure so just one set of infrastructure is built. This results in company having total control of the market (Pieterz). The antitrust laws attempt to order business to compete fairly.

A historical approach to The Guest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A historical approach to The Guest - Essay Example The story’s rich historical derivation makes it ideal for an examination through the lenses of historical criticism, as such, one can examine the occurrences themes and stylistic and the impacts of the larger historical backdrop both within and without the text. Concisely, the story revolves around three major characters are Daru, Baducci the gendarme and the Arab prisoner. Daru is a schoolteacher stationed in the desert school where the gendarme brings the Arab who has been accused of murder. Daru receives them hospitably and makes them tea in the schoolroom; he unties the prisoner’s hands and makes both of the as comfortable as he could with his limited facilities. That he takes off the ropes binding the prisoner, connotes the shame felt by colonialist for treating their subjects as if they were less than human (Just 904). Daru is told that the French suspect an uprising, he should deliver the prisoner to the town so that the gendarme can return and prepare in case it materializes the schoolteacher however turns down the task of delivering the prisoner. Balducci tells him it is an orderfrom the authorities but Daru insists that he will not comply; he does not stop him from leaving the prisoner there and even signs a document to att est to the fact. Daru accommodates the prisoner for the night, the next morning, despite his insistence that he would not take him to the authorities; he leads him in the direction of the town. Halfway there, he stops at a crossroads and tells him he can choose to deliver himself to the police or he can escape. He gives the prisoner food and money and leaves him to make up his mind. He heads back to the school where ironically, someone has written on the board that he would pay for the delivering â€Å"their brother†. Here, Camus uses dramatic irony to bring out the absurdity of the situation in which Daru finds himself because had Author of the threat known

Description and useful information about character Essay Example for Free

Description and useful information about character Essay 1. White whiskers make Kris Kringle look like he is seventy five, but when he laughs or walks he seems to be not a day over fifty. His eyes are quick and happy, and he has a matching smile. He looks precisely like Santa Clause, and he believes he is the one. Mr. Kringle dwells in Maplewood Home for the Aged. He spends most of the time smoking his pipe or whittling the toys he has in his room. He has an uncanny way with animals. 2. Dr. Pierce is devoted to Mr. Kringle, and wants to protect him. 3. Jim likes Mr. Kringle, he is wondered at his uncanny way with animals. He has been working in the Zoo for many years already. 4. Mrs. Doris Walker is businesslike women, handsome and well-dressed. She is divorced, does not want any engagements, disappointed in close relationships. Has a daughter. 5. Mr. Shellhammer is spectacled, very much haired and bold gentleman 6. Fred Gayley is a young and attractive lawyer in one of the oldest city’s firms. Fred is filled with childlike wonder and excitement. 7. Susan is a rather serious child of six. Susan is intelligent, maybe too much so for a child of her age, but with â€Å"no gaiety about her†. Fun is a stranger to this girl. III. Summary of chapters Dr Pierce, working in Maplewood Home for the Aged tells Kris Kringle, the dweller of this facility, that he has to move to Mount Home Sanatorium. Mapplewood’s charter considers Kris to be not little out of his mind, as he claims he is Santa Claus. Kris promises Dr Pierce to give him an X-ray machine, and doctor says he will believe Kris is a real Santa, if he gets one. Mr. Kringle takes his belongings and asks his friend, Jim the zookeeper to host him. While he walks in Central Park Kris sees a Christmas Parade, and a drunken Santa. Mrs. Walker, who is responsible for the personnel of the parade, asks Mr. Kringle to substitute Santa, and he agrees. When Doris Walker comes home she sees that her daughter Susan is watching the parade with their neighbor Fred, a young lawyer. She describes her problems with Santa Claus to them. Fred takes her away and tells she should not talk about Santa like that for not to disappoint Susan. Doris says girls should not have illusions, and should not wait for Prince Charming. Fred asks her to consider he may be the sort of person she needs. Doris answers that she has burnt her fingers once. V. Most Important Events of the chapters Kris Kringle leaves Mapplewood Home for the Aged. He becomes a Santa on the Christmas Parade. Doris Walker tells about her problems with Santa Clause to her daughter. Fred tries to persuade Doris he might be the man she needs, but Doris does not believe him

Process Design Matrix and Summary Essay Example for Free

Process Design Matrix and Summary Essay Mattress Express is in the service of delivering mattresses is available to the customers. The company strategy for deliveries is to be able to deliver mattresses in both a reasonable on timely manner and to the consumer’s home. The delivery cost is $49.99 and includes delivery, set up, and removal of the customer’s old mattress set. Mattress Express has a centralized warehouse that is strategically located in order to best service the surrounding community. The warehouse feeds five stores and houses the inventory for each of the locations. The warehouse also has a showroom attached which makes it easily one of the largest Mattress Express locations Mattress express offers a five day delivery schedule. The deliveries are handled by the warehouse manager. All deliveries are separated into time frames which are then designated into particular areas and group to gather for the most efficient routing. Mattress Express inventory levels are kept to a minimum as the company operates on cash only. Inventory levels fluctuate up and down as cash flow increases via the trends in business. All inventory is stored at the centralized warehouse and deliveries are operated from this location as well. PRODUCT Tempur-pedic is a product that is a standalone within the mattress industry. The company strategy is to build the most highly recommended bed in America. They also wish to sell direct to the consumer as well as through a series of retail partners. Another important aspect of their strategy is to excel as a marketing firm. Tempur-pedic has a total of three factories. The factories are located in Lexington Kentucky, Duffield Virginia, and a European facility in Denmark. Each factory produces Tempur-pedic products and  distributes to regional distribution centers. Tempur-pedic is of the utmost superior quality and craftsmanship. To ensure the quality level of the products one out of every four mattresses is tested. In addition to testing mattresses frequently the product integrity margins are also how to extremely precise standards. This ensures that all to review the customers are experiencing the highest level of quality possible.

Analysing Translation Studies English Language Essay

Analysing Translation Studies English Language Essay Nida points out that it is wrong to speak of a Theory of Translation because translating is essentially a technology which is dependent upon a number of disciplines. Every translator or interpreter uses a number of different theoretical models and implications, drawing on several disciplines. It is for this particular reason that the translation of the same text is not uniform when it is performed by several translators. Translation is the process and, as a process, it should be viewed from so many different perspectives (Nida 1991, p.20), including the writers intent, changes in reading preferences, diversity of source and target cultures, numerous nuances of the source text, and stylistic features of the text. As not all aspects can be transferred from the source text into the target text, the translator carefully chooses these aspects, analysing the text within a certain context and relying on certain theoretical concepts taken from relevant disciplines. For instance, as translati on revolves around the knowledge of two languages, it is necessary for the translator to delve into the essence of linguistics and assess the source text from the linguistic viewpoint, identifying the differences in two linguistic systems (Schaffner Wiesemann 2001, p.7). In this regard, a Theory of Translation, according to Malmkjaer (2005, p.22), should be subsumed under linguistic theory. The linguistic theory of translation develops diverse methods and techniques of translation which are either optional or obligatory (Schaffner Wiesemann 2001, p.8), and these methods help translators transfer the meaning from the source text into the target text. Likewise, sociolinguistics provides valuable insights into the use of theoretical concepts of translation in practice and the ways in which societies employ language in interpersonal relations (Nida 1991, p.25). The translator who draws on sociolinguistics when translating from one language into another pays special attention to extralinguistic and paralinguistic aspects of the text. A text (or a speech) can be properly translated only if the translator (or the interpreter) is able to draw parallels between the content of a text (or a speech) and extralinguistic and paralinguistic codes used by the writer (or the speaker). Knowledge of extralinguistic and paralinguistic codes also allows the translator to bring together the content and form and thus deduce a more exact meaning of a text. As such, a Theory of Translation within sociolinguistics helps the translator fill the gaps in the process of decoding messages sent by the writer to the reader. Cultural studies develop a theory of translation that resists dominant target-language cultural values so as to signify the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text (Venuti 1995, p.18). The cultural theory of translation complements the linguistic theory of translation by placing the text within the socio-cultural context. In light of this, the juxtaposition of the linguistic theory of translation and the cultural theory of translation allows to establish the systematic relationship between linguistic structures at the textual micro-level and social, cultural, historical conditions of text production and reception (Schaffner Wiesemann 2001, p.13). Delving deeper into the essence of translation, scholars have also found out that the meaning of the text has relevance to three crucial components the writer, the message, and the reader (Riccardi 2002, p.84; Armstrong 2005, p.44). The more information the translator has of the writer, of the exact message, and the intended reader, the more accurate translation he/she will produce. This recognition has paved the way to the advance of the hermeneutics of translation (Munday 2001, p.163). As Kin Yuen (2001, p.334) acknowledges, the structure of translation was discovered by modern hermeneutics. The development of the structure of translation by hermeneutics provides conclusive evidence that a Theory of Translation is a misnomer for other disciplines. It is hermeneutics that has equated translation with interpretation, thus rejecting the assumption that translation is a simple reproduction of the text in the target language (Kin Yuen 2001, p.335). The translator does not reproduce the text in another language; he/she interprets it, adhering to certain norms and theoretical concepts. A Theory of Translation can not be regarded as a separate discipline or science because a separate discipline needs its metalanguage to create specific theoretical concepts; yet a Theory of Translation employs metalanguage of the above mentioned disciplines to formulate definitions and concepts. For instance, the linguistic theory of translation operates with such concepts as overt translation, covert translation, equivalence, communicative translation, and adaptation (Schaffner Wiesemann 2001, p.8), while the cultural theory of translation uses such terms as domestication, foreignisation, and resistancy (Schaffner Wiesemann 2001, p.12). As a result of the lack of metalanguage, a Theory of Translation has no agreement on the central concepts (Schaffner Wiesemann 2001, p.6). When speaking of a Theory of Translation, scholars use such categories as intersemiotic translation and interlingual translation (Gentzler 2001, p.1), thus explicitly emphasising the fact that the translation t heory stems from such disciplines as semiotics, linguistics, and the philosophy of language and that it is only a model which is used to bring up questions for the research. As a model, a Theory of Translation relies not on sound theoretical conception but rather on assumptions and hypotheses; as such, a Theory of Translation is limited and can not be regarded as a valid equivalence for the mentioned disciplines. A Theory of Translation moves along the vicious circle; it has to be drawn on reliable data from the research. Yet the research can not be conducted if theoretical concepts are not formulated. As the essay has clearly shown, there is no such a thing as a Theory of Translation; while this term is used in academic sources, it is more correct to regard a Theory of Translation as a misnomer for such disciplines as linguistics, sociology, sociolinguistics, hermeneutics, philosophy of language, psychology, narratology, semiotics, stylistics, literary history, and cultural history in view of the multifaceted nature of translational phenomena (Malmkjaer 2005, p.21). As the acquired evidence demonstrates, it is not a mere question of wordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ there [is] a deeper meaning behind these terminological hesitations (Lambert, 2006, p.77). A consolidated Theory of Translation has not been built yet; instead, as Schaffner and Wiesmann (2001, p.6) put it, there is a multiplicity of different approaches, each of each focuses on specific aspects, looking at the product or the process of translation from a specific angle. All these theoretical approaches to translation embedded in v arious disciplines are not necessarily exclusive, but rather complementary (Schaffner and Wiesmann 2001, p.13). To subsume a Theory of Translation into a separate discipline or science, it is necessary to develop a metalanguage specific to it and, using this metalanguage, formulate new concepts and definitions which will generate a unified Theory of Translation.

Heart of Darkness Essay -- essays research papers

When considering a work of literature, the title can be just as important as the context of the story. Literary devices such as contrast and repetition help develop the symbolism of Joseph Conrad's novel, Heart of Darkness. The use of contrast can be seen within the differences between the black and white people along with the differences between the civilized and uncivilized. The phrase "Heart of Darkness" itself is repetitious to describe certain places, events, and people. Joseph Conrad successfully relates his title to the African continent, the people, how the people were treated, and the soul of Kurtz. The title can relate to the wilderness in the center of Africa where Marlow is headed. In the story, the commander sees England as many men viewed Africa. It is a "sea the colour of lead" and "sky the color of smoke" which conveys the place as dark and gloomy. Furthermore, Englishmen wanted to colonize Africa and they were willing to sacrifice their lives for the journey. Marlow shows that wilderness really isn't a place for men to be. The sheer size of "darkness" makes the people powerless, despite the fact that they feel that they can make improvements in Africa. Through it all, the darkness provides many challenges for the civilizers and as a result, their conditions become worse, causing them to achieve very little. Wilderness is a very significant symbol becau...

Jimi Hendrix :: essays research papers

Jimi Hendrix, the greatest guitarist in rock history, revolutionized the sound of rock. In 1967, the Jimi Hendrix Experience rocked the nation with their first album, Are You Experienced?. Hendrix's life was cut short by the tragedy of drugs in 1970, when he was only twenty seven years old. In these three years the sound of rock changed greatly, and Hendrix’s guitar playing was a major influence. Jimi was born in Seattle, Washington on November 27, 1942. As a young boy, whenever the chance came, Jimi would try to play along with his R & B records. However, music was not his life long dream. At first, the army was. In the late 1950’s, Hendrix enlisted in the 101st Airborne Division. After sustaining a back injury during a jump, he received a medical discharge. After his army career came to an abrupt end, he decided to go into the music field. By this time he had become an accomplished guitarist, and was soon to become known as the greatest guitarist ever (Stambler, pg. 290). However, he did not start out at the top. Jimi started out playing as part of the back-up for small time R & B groups. It did not take long before his work was in demand with some of the best known artists in the field, such as B.B. King, Ike and Tina Turner, Solomon Burke, Jackie Wilson, Littler Richard, Wilson Pickett, and King Curtis (Clifford, pg. 181). Using the name Jimmy James, he toured with a bunch of R & B shows, including six months as a member of James Brown’s Famous Flames (Stambler, pg. 290). At the Cafe Wha! in New York, in 1966, Hendrix decided to try singing. Jimi lucked out when a man by the name of Charles â€Å"Chas† Chandler from Eric Burdon's Animals heard him at the club and thought he was sensational. When Chas heard him again later that year, he talked Jimi into moving to England where he would really get the chance to start his career (Stambler, pg. 290). Along with Chas, Hendrix auditioned some musicians to complete the new Hendrix group. They choose Mitch Mitchell, a fantastic drummer, and Noel Redding, one of England's best guitar and bass players (Stambler, pg. 290). In 1966, at the Olympia in Paris, the Experience debuted. One year later, the Experience was breaking attendance records right and left at European clubs. When the Monkees toured England in 1967,

War Poems: Totoy’s War, State of Siege, and War is Kind Essay -- Totoy

â€Å"Totoy’s War† by Luz Maranan, â€Å"State of Siege† by Eric Gumalinda, and â€Å"War is Kind† by Stephen Crane Throughout our history, both recorded and unrecorded, there have been countless violent battles fought. From small skirmishes to full on declarations of war, humans have been involved with battling on another for all the reasons that they have. The only thing alarming is that, as time and technology progresses, the number of casualties and collateral damage have been increasing as well. In addition, the implications to the human mind, brought upon by the excessive violence, can be equally damaging. With that being said, the psychological implications brought upon by war can be reflected in several art forms, such as poetry. War poems usually deals with how the persona of a particular poem, reacts to life altering events such as war. â€Å"Totoy’s War† by Luz Maranan, â€Å"State of Siege† by Eric Gumalinda, and â€Å"War is Kind† by Stephen Crane are just three examples of the many war poems that exist. Each of the poems conveys different messages, as well as utilizing different methods to convey the said message, despite having one common theme. The Fear of the Children â€Å"Totoy’s War† by Luz Maranan is easier to read poem, as compared to the other two poems mentioned. The poem is about the fear that people have during war times and how it affects various people, of all ages. The poem itself has no subliminal message that it wants to portray to its readers and is very direct with the matter of war – no use of metaphors, ironies, or difficult figurative language, whatsoever. The dramatic situation in the poem is that a child, Totoy, came to the persona asking â€Å"Is there a war?† (Maranan 2) with fear in his eyes. The persona then goes into c... ..., as well as the readers. Stephen Crane’s poem in contrast, uses irony to try and convey the message about the ugliness war brings. Eric Gumalinda’ poem on the other hand, is the one that is sort of off-tangent to the two. This poem in particular, shows the readers a glimpse of what is happening on a damaged person’s mind. It shows the readers a first-hand view on what people during war times could do, and all their intentions. Works Cited Crane, Stephen. "War Is Kind by Stephen Crane." About.com Poetry. About.com, n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2015. . Gumalinda, Eric. Lyrics from a Dead Language poems 1977-1991. Manila: Anvil Publishing Inc., 1991. Print. Santiago, Lillia. In the Name of the Mother: 100 Years of Philippine Feminist Poetry (1898-1989). Manila: University of the Philippines Press , 2002. Print.

Me Talk Pretty One Day Essay

Me Talk Pretty One Day. The title already starts questions and as you get through the essay, it makes perfect sense and creates a meaning to the title. Sedaris is the narrator throughout the essay and nearly at the beginning of the story you finds his tone throughout the essay is kind of a depressed tone, it sounds like he is depressed and put down by the instructor of his french course. Sedaris is passionate in leaning French. He moves to France and starts school there, so that he would learn the language better than he could in America. On his first day Sedaris watches his fellow students catch up with each other, discussing their summer vacations and the latest news about mutual friends. He has a number of first impressions: they appear much younger (he is now forty-one years old), they are definitely much more attractive, and they all appear to speak French flawlessly. Sedaris soon feels a little out of his element, until his French teacher arrives and makes him feel like a complete imbecile. However, Sedaris is not alone in being belittled by his instructor for she did not just pick on him but the rest of the class. However, he still went home every night and studied everything so that he could go to class the next day and know just a little more so the teacher wouldn’t pick on him as much. You find the depressed tone again during class, that everyone wanted to be there but at the same time didn’t want to be there. The teacher rode on a high horse because she didn’t speak only fluent French but 4 other languages too, including English, which she shows to Sedaris by saying in English â€Å"I hate you, I really hate you. (Found on page 3, last paragraph) Now why in her right mind does the teacher feel the need to put everyone down, and to say something of this nature stating that she hates him. Why is that, is it because she herself has troubles in her life and she feels in her time of power of being the professor of a French course and the only one that can speak it fluently, that she can emasculate everyone in the class. But through all of that all of the students including Sedaris, go home every night and study their French for hours on end, an example of it is stated on page 14, 1st paragraph. â€Å"I took to spending 4 hours a night on my homework, putting in even more time when we were assigned an essay. † Because of that the tone suddenly switches from a depressed tone to an upbeat tone right towards the end of the essay when Sedaris states, â€Å"Understanding doesn’t mean that you can suddenly speak the language. Far from it. It’s a small step, nothing more, yet it’s rewards are intoxicating and deceptive. The teacher continued her diatribe and I settled back, bathing in the subtle beauty of each new curse and insult. † From that moment, the professor goes on to belittle Sedaris but this time he isn’t hurt or insulted by it. He takes from it and with confidence replies to her insults with, â€Å"I know the thing that you speak exact now. Talk me more, you, plus, please, plus. Leaving you with a feeling of happiness and joy knowing that Sedaris gained his confidence back. From the tone of the essay, it makes everything feel a lot better in the end. The use of the â€Å"French† in the essay, gives meaning to the times where you dont understand what the counterpart is saying applying the use of words that doesn’t exist creates a confusion but also an understantment of how Sedaris feels when the teacher is talking to him. Here you can see the words meimslsxp; lgpdmurct; apzkiubjxow; palicmkrexis; fiuscrzsa; ticiwelmun; kfdtinvfm; vkkdyo; kdeynfulh. Understanding and speaking do not automatically go hand in hand, but it is better to understand rather than to speak. Which is the point the author is trying to make through the entire selection.. David Sedaris takes a stroll down memory lane in his anecdote about his experience learning to speak French in Paris, under the rule of a cruel dictator-like teacher. He describes certain moments of intense cruelty of the teacher, such as when one girl in his class doesn’t know the correct irregular past tense of the verb to defeat. The girl was poked in the eye with a freshly sharpened pencil, and the teacher, although remorseful, did not spend much time apologizing. The students in the class are not fluent in French, and their halting sentences, when translated, sound like â€Å"sometime me cry alone at night†¦that be common for I, also, but be more strong, you. † This is the exact way that a student of a foreign language would speak, and it illuminates the difference between speaking a language so that others could possibly understand you, and understanding the language.

Centre For Energy Petroleum And Mineral Law Environmental Sciences Essay

This hatful has assessed the humans manifestation of the Tema vegetable cover colour Refinery. The analytical cont resi unwrap-of-pocket adopted for the survey involves twain the computation of nil authorisations and potentiality uses. The cipher strengths showed that the refinery is non address-effective in footings of its muscle requirement from 2000 to 2011 as it ordinary yearbook aught strength of 0.07KOE per gigabyte KOE of rocky anoint small is much higher as comp ard to separatewises with 0.05KOE per century0 KOE of earthy vegetable cover refined and consequently piteous universal monstrance in footings of push white plague. The exits as well as indicated that, TOR s cognitive content use rate fell betwixt 14.26 % and 69.95 % which is small-scale as comp ard to the general benchmark capacity use rate of 85 % and thus, exe stinging infra prohi maculationedlooks. The survey in addition examined managerial attitudes that influence th e refinery s national introduction. The result revea direct that unequal system railway c atomic number 18, inadequateness of attachment to gross(a) whippyness demand and government policy of subsidization has wedge negatively on the domain founding the refinery.WORD COUNT 4,089PRESENTED TO Dr Xiaoyi MuCONTRACT CONCERNING PLAGIARISMI, the undersigned, curb subscribe to the Code of Practice sing piracy contained in the Students Introductory Handbook. I derive that this Code governs the air in which the center field for nada, oil and Mineral Law and indemnity respects and treats the issue of plagiarism. I hurl understood the Code and in remarkable I am cognizant of the effects, which whitethorn follow if I br from each one that codification. I anyway autho cost profit the Centre to discern the e-copy of my investigate paper through and through and through the plagiarization Detection Softw atomic number 18 to observe plagiarismSIGNED ___________________________ _Date bow OF CONTENTaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa refer OF ABREVIATIONSaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaList OF TABLESaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaList OF FIGURESaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..INTRODUCTIONaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..BACKGROUNDaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa2.1 spherical Refineries and ameliorateaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..2.2 State of Tema oil Refinery in gold coast ( TOR ) aaaaaaaaaa..2.3 supposititious Frameworkaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .3.0 depth psychology AND handling OF FINDINGSaaaaaaaaaaaa .3. 1 technical sound judgement ( TA ) aaaaaaaaaaaaa..3.10 substance dr peaked(predicate)aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa3.11 vim specialityaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..3.2 managerial judgment ( MA ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .3.20 sustentation Cultureaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa3.21 administration polity of Subsidyaaaaaaaaaaaaa4.0 CONCLUSIONaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..BIBLIGRAPHYaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa List OF ABREVIATIONSTA skilful AssessmentTOR Tema harsh oil RefineryIOC International bad- ported oil companionNOC interior(a) inunct fri overthrowsh ipBSPD Barrels Per DayRFCC counterpoise fluent catalytic CrackerCDU bounderish distillation wholeKOE Kilotonnes of Oil EquivalenceLPG liquefy fossil oil GasCU expertness utilisationEI zippo IntensityCRP Paraguana Refinery compositeGHAIP gold coast Italian unadulterated CompanyATK Aviation Turbine KeroseneOMC Oil grocerying CompanyList OF TABLES dishearten 1 Crude Oil Input and oil color sidetrack ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011aaa.. table 2 vegetable oil Product toil and Import ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011a..Table 3 Tema Oil Refinery goose egg pick up Analysisaaaaaaaaa .Table 4 Tema Oil Refinery Summary Characteristicsaaaaaaaa..List OF FIGURESFigure 1 course in Crude Oil Input And oil Output ( 2009-2011 ) aaaaaaaa..Figure 2 T stopping pointency of Domestic Refinery Supply ( Output ) and import Quantity Of Petroleum Products ( 2000-2011 ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa1.0 IntroductionCrude oil in its rude(a) province has no quantify until it is modify into merc handises much(prenominal) as heating oil, Gasoline, Gasoil and other sodding(a) oil merchandises. 1 at that placefore to refiner, the hold dear of vegetable oil is nil other than the rank of merchandises derived from it. 2 world(prenominal)ly, the capacity of refineries continues to improver as they expand. In the pre-war epoch, justness was considered to be in its aureate age as they were economic to run. However, the hereafter promises to convey new-made challenges and a competitory displacement that require new accomplishments and capacities to win. Refineries owned by International Oil Companies ( IOCs ) almost at times take expeditiously than National Oil Companies ( NOC ) as these IOCs ar involve in quaternate activities. 3 IOCs are able to minimize the short-term cyclical effects of rough oil pecuniary determine and uncertainnesss of the market receivable to the integrating of Refining and exploration activities. However, NOCs and other independent refin ers are indefensible as they are exposed to the misfortune of monetary value volatility. 4 On Afri force out refineries in general, De Gouvello et al report that solely 7 of the part s operating refineries erect be categorize as human race graduated table. That is, triple in Nigeria, collar in second Africa and one in Sudan and all other refining capacities crosswise the part are kettle . 5 The capacity of the Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) can non be exempted from this categorization. TOR corporate in 1960 as a simple hydro planing industrial plant refinery, over the past(a) old ages has been the solitary refinery in Ghana with the ascendancy to smooth rough oil to bring forwards naive oil merchandises to run into the demands of the relegate. 6 It is required to transport out this authorization in an cost-efficient safe and environmentally friendly mode. It has undergone enormous reconstituting giving it more duties as its capacity additions from 28,000 BSPD to 45, 000 BSPD. 7 A Residual runny Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a capacity of 14,000 BSPD has alike been added to the installation to enable it change over low value rest from the Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline. It relies on about 80 % of electrical power generated internally and the staying 20 % from the national grid. 8 When compared to other refineries in the innovation and in Africa, TOR trading operations are secondary as it has moreover 55 per cent ( 55 % ) pot of the interior(prenominal) crude oil market. 9 It end mathematical harvest-home degree has been on the diminution for the past 11 old ages given rise to import of more crude oil merchandises to fulfill home(prenominal) demands. It has of late, been sing uncompromising pulley-blocks collect to dislocations of whatever equipment. All these touched the end product of the refinery and therefore considered to be executing ill.This survey assessed the in the public eye(predicate) presentation of TOR for the past 11 old ages ( 2000-2011 ) . It is through with(p) to show a puddle synopsis and image of the public presentation of Ghana s lone Refinery in the state. some(prenominal) question workers have adopted various attacks and uninflected shafts much(prenominal) as efficacy Intensities and power exercising to stride the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be unfavourable in its estimate, but particular(a) to merely technological efficiency. The survey did it appraisal utilizing both scientific Assessment Tools such as postcode Intensities and cap expertness enjoyment and Managerial Assessment Approaches such as assist civilization, consistency with the oil flexible demands of the refinery and government activity policy of subsidization of crude oil merchandises.This survey is organised into iv chapters. Chapter one covered the Introduction. The back setting, the province of TOR and the suppositious model are captured in chapter two. Chapter three contained the compend and treatments of the consequences. Chapter quad is the reasoning chapter.Background2.1 Global Refineries and PolishingThe acculturation procedure is important to the crude oil value concatenation because petroleum oil has no value until it is alter into concluding crude oil merchandises. Refining of petroleum oil started each second early as 1861 in the linked State of America. 10 The first refinery was candid 1861 to bring forth kerosine for illuming and warming. 11 Technological promotion led to the innovation of car and Electric illuming systems and shifted the procedure from kerosine to repulse supplys chiefly Gasoline. 12 Polishing engineering continues to gain and as a consequence led to the debut of the Thermal Cracking and Catalytic Cracker in 1913 and mid-1930 severally. 13 Since so, the ikon of runing refineries on planetary footing has non increase sig nificantly. However, polishing capacity continues to spread out and germinate as major expansionary plants are carried out on the bing 1s. The largest refinery in news show is the Paraguana Refinery Complex ( CRP ) located in Amuay and Cardon Venezuela with a refinement capacity of 940,000 metal drum per 24 hours. 14 But sometimes the Reliance Industries I and II located next each other in Jamnagar India are combined, doing it the largest individual(a) refinement composite in the universe with a capacity of 1,240,000 drumfish per twenty-four hours ( Reliance In. I, 660,000 and Reliance In. II, 580,000 ) .However, ExxonMobile Corporation is rank as the universe s prima(predicate) refiner with a refinement capacity of 5,797,000 barrel per twenty-four hours. 15 Most refineries on the African continent operate under smaller capacities. Merely a a few(prenominal) are considered to be of universe quantity. Harmonizing to BP statistical Review zippo Survey 2012, Africa had a 2011 refinery capacity of approximately 3.56 % of the universe sum. Skikda Refinery in Algeria is the largest in African with a capacity of 300,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by reticular activating system Lanuf working in Libya. 16 The Port-Harcourt Refineries I and II situated in Nigeria are the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa with a built-in capacity of 210,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by Shell/BP Sapref Refinery located in Durban with a capacity of 165,000 barrel per twenty-four hours. 17 The Tema Oil Refinery is the lone Refinery in Ghana charged with the duty of polishing rough oil to bring forth crude oil merchandises for national using up.2.2 State of Tema Oil Refinery in Ghana ( TOR )The Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) was before known as the Ghana Italian Petroleum Company ( GHAIP ) Limited incorporated in 1960 but started operation in 1963 as a merely hydro planing refinery works. 18 The administration of Ghana, by common discretion with ENI-Nazionie I ntercarboni bought equity retention, therefore given it ( authorities ) 100 % ownership of the alliance. 19 As a state-owned refinery, the name changed from GHAIP to Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) in 1990.TOR started with an initial refinement capacity of 28,000BSPD, but as a national plus, a Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) was installed in 1997 change magnitude it capacity to 45,000BSPD. 20 A Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a touch on capacity of 14,000BSPD was overly added in 2002 to enable the refinery convert low value residue from the CDU to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline. 21 TOR was by design intentional to polish merely airheaded and seraphic petroleum. However, the invariably lifting of rough oil monetary values made committee to amalgamate different petroleums as a musical mode of optimizing its borders. Assorted unmortgaged and sweet petroleums such as Brass, River, Forcados and Palanca are import from dwell states such as Ni geria, Equatorial, Guinea, Cameroon Gabon and Angola for refinement. 22 The end products of TOR include Diesel, Petrol, LPG, Aviation Turbine Kerosene ( ATK ) , Naphtha, admixture and Residual fuel. 23 The nucleus interrelate of TOR is to leave refined crude oil merchandises for the domestic market. But it has merely 55 per cent ( 55 % ) portion of the domestic market. 24 The refinery depended entirely on imported petroleum for it labor until 2010 when it received some rough oil from domestic production. The in superpower of TOR to bring forth to petroleum merchandises for the adept domestic demands of the state has created the demand for importing of refined merchandises into the domestic market and the lifting degrees of these imports have raised concerns among the Ghanese populace. Table 1 provides informations on the measures of rough oil commentary and crude oil end product of the refinery from 2000 to 2011. Figure 1 depicts the Trend in rough oil input and crude oil en d product for the identical period.YearCrude inputPetroleum End product20001,131.81,028.420011,262.91,070.020021,179.41,155.520031,406.21,351.720041,813.51,604.120051,645.51,540.82006962.2891.220071,242.51,195.020081,396.71,221.52009441.4327.12010902.5946.420111,242.9957.7Table 1 Crude OIL INPUT AND rig ( Kilotonnes ) FOR TOR ( 2000-2011 ) first National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011 25 FIG. 1 track IN yokelish OIL INPUT AND PETROLEUM widening ( 2009-2011 ) base conceit of the WriterFrom Table 1, it can be seen that, the class by twelvemonth petroleum input exceeded the crude oil end product produced. This is due to losingss incurred during refinement. It is besides observed that 2006, 2009 and 2010 recorded a much refuse decreases in both petroleum inputs and crude oil end products with 2009 entering the worse of it. These are cause of hapless public presentation of the refinery. receivable to this hapless public presentation in 2006, the authorities of Ghana approached two southeast Korean Companies, SK Corporation and Samsung Corporation to deal a interest as portion of programs to bring forth US $ 6 billion for infrastructural contrivement at heart the refinery. 26 However, the trade did non overstep due to undecomposed challenges the refinery was sing at that clip.Again, Table 2 shows the measure of domestic refinery lend and the measure of imported crude oil merchandises into the state from 2000 to 2011. Figure 2 illustrates the Trend of these measures for the kindred period.Table 2 Petroleum proceeds PRODUCTION AND IMPORT ( Kilotonnes )Year congeries REQUIREMENTDOMESTIC REFINRY SUPPLY trade QUANTITYPercentage OF merchandise ( % )20001,844.71,028.4816.344.2520011,870.91,070.0800.942.8120021,905.21,155.5749.739.3520031,920.81,351.7569.129.6320042,183.61,604.1579.526.5420052,119.11,540.8578.327.2820062,199.2891.21,308.259.4820072,390.71,195.01,195.750.0120082259.21,221.51,037.745.9320092,088.3327.11,761.284.3420102,536.2946.41,589.862.6820 113,066.4957.72,108.768.77Beginning National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011FIG. 2 TREND OF DOMESTIC REFINERY SUPPLY ( OUTPUT ) AND IMPORTED QUANTITY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ( 2000-2011 ) Beginning Concept of the WriterFrom both Table 2 and Figure 2, it is observed that, as domestic refinery supply additions, imports tend to diminish from 2000 up to 2004. However, this relationship reverted. From 2005 to 2011, the portion of crude oil imports has been on the addition traveling from 578.3 kilotonnes in to 2005 to every bit high as 2,108.7 kilotonnes in 2011 while that of domestic refinery supply continues to diminish from 1,540.8 kilotonnes in 2005 to every bit low as 957.7 kilotonnes in 2011.All these deficits are attributable to both skilful inefficiencies and managerial inefficiencies which are discussed into inside informations in the pursuit subdivision of this survey.2.3 Theoretical ModelThe attending of most intellectuals since 1970 has ever been on the Energy use and effectual direction of refineries in the develop universe states. Romulo et Al purported that complex refineries can better their aptitude ingestion through assorted ways such as increased heat interchange betwixt procedure watercourse, thermic exchange within and in the midst of process units and hotter charge nourishment between units, usage of more efficient furnace procedures and other smart ways of development modern engineering. 27 Romulo et Al evaluated the energy efficiency of Brazilian petroleum oil refinement and compared it with the refinement of petroleum oil in US from 1930 to 2008. They concluded that, a Brazilian refinery with a capacity of 157,000 barrel per twenty-four hours which undergone modernization in 2008 cost US $ 1.3 billion and as such realised an addition of 17 % in its capacity. The consequence besides indicated that, the refinery energy ingestion fell from 0.75MBtu to 0.52MBtu per barrel touch and hence addition in complexness reduces the energy consumed in the concluding production procedure. 28 Others contended that there is no individual manner of amount the public presentation of refineries across board despite the fact that, refinement procedures are energy intensive and exergy analytic thinking appeared to be the most regular tool for sound judgment. For illustration, Badmus et Al reviewed the public presentation assessment on the refineries in Nigeria utilizing energy strengths for the analysis and conclude that, the energy ingestion forms of the four refineries are below international benchmark in the oil and gas industry. 29 Jesuleye et Al besides contributed to what this survey referred to as Technological Appraisal . 30 They besides evaluated the energy demand of Port Harcourt refinery in Nigeria and its policy deductions through the computation of energy strengths as a manner of reclaiming the one-year energy demand of the refinery. The consequence showed that the existent energy demand per twelvemonth for tre ating rough oil into crude oil merchandises exceeded, in changing grades the stipulated refinery criterion of 4 barrels of oil equivalent ( BOE ) per 100 BOE as the grounds revealed a reach between 4.28 BOE and 8.58 BOE per 100 BOE processed. They nevertheless, included a managerial attitude as Turn-Around Maintenance agenda in their analysis which this survey considered to be of import in step the public presentation of refineries.Many research workers have adopted different attacks and Analytic tools such as Energy Intensities and expertness usage to measure the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be critical in the appraisal, but limited to merely technological efficiency and therefore classify the attack as Technological Assessment of public presentation.Research workers with their different intellectual positions evaluated the public presentation of refineries across the universe with the usage of different analytical tools as they exist. One of the most widely recognized and realistic tool used is the Solomon Energy Intensity Indicator ( SEII ) . 31 It provides a more realistic contemplation of energy strength of the refinery as it creates room for works by program analysis, considered the different types of concluding merchandises, recognises the fact that production procedures are particularised and takes into history the operations of the works.Harmonizing to Nyboer and Rivers 2002 cited by Jesuleye et Al, this order has been embraced and applied late by the Canadian Industry Program for Energy saving in Canada in an effort to develop Energy ingestion benchmark demonstrate for conventional crude oil refinement in Canada.For the intent of this survey, the application of SEII could non happen due to the absence of single informations on energy ingestion and the specific performance degrees of the refinery. However, the Energy strengths were calculated based on the concluding energy ingestion of TOR and its boilers suit end product. As indicated by O. A. Jesuleye et Al, the abstractive account has it root from the European scotch Commission Funded undertaking titled Energy Master Plan for Rural ripening in Nigeria. 32 The competency Utilisation of the refinery was besides determined utilizing it end product to guarantee a full assessment of the proficient efficiency of the refinery. The survey besides investigated into the managerial facets of the refinery.3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGSBoth Technological Assessment ( TA ) and Managerial Assessment ( MA ) are carried out on TOR to determine realistic grounds why the refinery is executing so ill.TA rivet on the Energy consume through the finding of yearly Energy Intensities utilizing utmost Energy Consumption method and the annual efficiency Utilisations utilizing the Capacity Utilisation attack.3. 1 Technological Assessment ( TA )Energy Intensity ( EI ) = Final Energy Demand aaaaa ( 1 )Crude processedCap acity Utilisation ( CU ) = Output produced X 100aaaaa.. ( 2 )Actual production degreeThe assorted yearbook Energy Intensities and yearbook Capacity Utilisations from 2000 to 2011 are presented in Table 4 below.Table 3 TEMA OIL REFINERY ENERGY DEMAND ANALYSISYear*Final Energy Demand ( KOE/Yr )*Crude Input ( KOE )*Petroleum End product**Annual Energy Intensities KOE/1000*Required standard Intensity KOE/1000**Annual Capacity Utilisation %*Benchmark capacity Utilisation %200061.51,131.81,028.40.054 atomic number 1144.4885200164.11,262.91,070.00.050 atomic number 1146.66852002sodium1,179.41,155.5 atomic number 11sodium50.39852003sodium1,406.21,351.7sodiumsodium58.94852004Sodium1,813.51,604.1SodiumSodium69.95852005Sodium1,645.51,540.8SodiumSodium67.1985200660.2962.2891.20.063Sodium38.8685200778.41,242.51,195.00.063Sodium52.1185200887.81,396.71,221.50.063Sodium53.2785200944.5441.4327.10.101Sodium14.2685201082.6902.5946.40.092Sodium41.2785201190.31,242.9957.70.073Sodium41.7685Beginning * Datas from National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011**Calculated values utilizing EI and CU expressionsNA Not on hand(predicate)Table 4 TEMA OIL REFINERY digest CHARACTERISTICSUnit of measurementStatusCapacityBPSD45,000Average ANNUAL CAPACITY practice session**% ( KOE )48.29Average ANNUAL ENERGY enthusiasm**1000Kt/yr0.07Entire LOSSES figure*% ( KOE )3-6* Entire Losses Estimate of 3-6 % is obtained from National Energy Commission, 2011,** Calculated from Table 4.3.1.0 Capacity UtilisationFrom Table 4, the Annual Capacity Utilisation of the refinery ranged between 14.26 % in 2009 and 69.95 % in 2004. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery has an Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % . This is much lower as compared to the general benchmark Capacity Utilisation of 85 % in the refinement industry. It shows that the refinery is runing under criterion and hence indicates a hapless public presentation. Losses besides accounted for about 3-6 % of petroleum inputs as indicated in T able 5. These losingss are due to the low capacity and inefficiency of the premium reformist of the refinery.3.1.1 Energy IntensityFrom Table 4, the Annual Energy Intensities of the refinery ranged between 0.050 KOE in 2001 and 0.101 in 2009 per 1000 of petroleum processed. This shows that the refinery was more energy efficiency in its ingestion in 2001 than in 2009. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery besides has an Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07 KOE per 1000. When compared to the Annual Energy Intensity of other refineries point with much higher capacities such as Port Harcourt Refinery with a stipulated Intensity of 0.04 KOE per 1000, TOR is unable in footings of Energy Consumption. This shows the refinery consumes more energy, charge though its end product degrees are falling and therefore indicates hapless public presentation on it portion.From the above Technological Assessment, it clear that the Tema Oil Refinery is executing ill as it produces below capacity, c onsumes more energy than others and incurred greater per centum of losingss.3.2 Managerial Appraisal3.2.0 Maintenance CultureThere are a figure of direction think issues which impacted negatively on the public presentation of TOR. These included the followers The unsuccessful person of direction to constantly transport out care on the installation causes shop closing of the refinery. Harmonizing to Odiguri et Al cited by Badmus et Al 2012, the Turn Around Maintenance recap and repair of refineries in general, is recommended to be undertaken every 18 or 24 month. 33 This is non done at TOR. Care is merely carried out when a mistake is detected. 34 Even at the point of transporting out care, direction still employ antique industrial practises. This attitude of direction affected the proficient efficiency of the refinery and hence, lowers the end product than expected.A break in H2O supply is yet another ground that consequences in the hapless public presentation of the refinery. TOR addiction entirely on Ghana urine Company Limited for supply of H2O. 35 This beginning nevertheless, is non dependable as the company commonly encounter frequent dislocations due its elderly grapevines. 36 Any break in H2O supply to the refinery causes intermittent closure of the refinery and as such, reduces the end product of the refinery at those times.Lack of conformity to crude flexibility regulations at TOR besides influences its public presentation. The refinery was intentionally designed to polish merely light and sweet petroleum.However, direction tend to mix light rancid petroleum with light and sweet petroleum as manner of maximizing their net income borders due to the lifting monetary values of light petroleum. 37 This normally affects the operations and efficiency of the refinery, therefore cut downing its concluding end product.3.21 Government Policy of SubsidyAs a state-owned refinery, the activities of Government can non be excluded from the grounds why TOR performs so ill. Government as the exclusive proprietor of the refinery uses the National Petroleum Authority as a regulative native social structure to find the monetary values of crude oil merchandises in the state. 38 This organic structure besides has the duty of implementing authorities policy instruments such as revenue enhancement enhancements and subsidies at the crude oil subsector degree. To continue ex-pump monetary values of fuel depression, the authorities to a great extent subsidize ex-refinery monetary values. 39 In 2003 authorities premium on fuel was 29.5 % but increase it to about 39.7 % of the monetary value in 2005. 40 In entire, the authorities spent about US $ 276 million on fuel bounty entirely by the terminal of 2011. However, these monies are barely recovered by the refinery. Non-payment of measures by Oil Marketing Companies ( OMCs ) besides increases the predicament of TOR. This increases the liability of the refinery and hence reduces its ability to procure rough oil for its operation.patronage the fact that proficient efficiency and Capacity Utilisation are important in finding the public presentation of a refinery, managerial patterns and Government activity are every bit of import in measuring the public presentation of TOR as they give accounts to the causes of these inefficiencies and therefore, supply empirical groundss to the ground why TOR is executing so ill.4.0 DecisionBased on the Analysis and happening on TOR, it is clear that the usage of Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation as indicated by other research workers are of import considerations in measuring the public presentation of refineries. But managerial patterns such as care civilization, conformity with care ordinances, conformity with rough flexibility demand and Government policies proved to be influential in refinery public presentation and as such must be considered by future surveies. The survey showed that Energy Intensity and Capacity Utilisa tion find the Technical Efficiency of the refinery. From the survey, the energy ingestion of TOR is non efficient as compared to others. Besides, TOR losingss are due to proficient inefficiencies and managerial inaccuracies. It Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07KOE/1000 is hapless as others have Average Annual Energy of 0.05KOE/1000. Besides, the Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % is far below the criterion bench grade of 85 % . There is besides unequal system care at TOR which has impacted negatively on its public presentation. From the survey it is apparent that, non-payment of subsidy measures by authorities affected it ability to procure rough oil for its operations and therefore cut downing its end product. These hence suggest that, the Tema Oil Refinery is so executing ill due to Technical and Managerial challenges at the installation.

Talk Shows

If amicable order is not a piddlen, if it is not encoded in our DNA, then to rough extent we atomic number 18 always in the process of producing virtual(prenominal) realities, some more swordplayctional than others. Habits, r emergeines, and institutions argon the patterns that create the instauration taken for granted. Knowledge of how to behave is contained in heathenish scripts that are themselves products of human interaction and communication roughly the nature of reality. Shame, guilt, embarrassment are experienceling feelings that find from speaking the unspeakable and from violating cultural taboos.Society is a termination of its boundaries,of what it will and wont eitherow. As we lookout station, listen, and are socialize, TV talk shows are rewriting our cultural scripts, altering our perceptions, our social relationships, and our relationships to the natural earthly concern. TV talk shows offer us a humanity of blurred boundaries. Cultural distinctions b etween public and private, liable and incredible witnesses, truth and falseness, unspoiled and evil, sickness and irresponsibility, usual and abnormal, therapy and exploitation, intimate and stranger, fragmentation and community are manipulated and erased for our bewitchery and entertainment.A community in real period and place exhibits longevity, an interdependence based on plebeian interests, daily concerns, mutual obligations, norms, kinship, friendship, loyalty, and local knowledge, and real sensible structures, not in force(p) shared information. If your dwells ho wasting disease is on fire, you are motivated to divine service put it out, or at least arouse in having it put out, because you care about your neighbor and the fire is a threat to your own house. video talk shows create an ersatz community, without any of the social and personal responsibilities that are attached to real life. Therapy as entertainment is the appeal of these shows.The so-called hosts rely on the cynical use of the therapeutic model for mental sound bites. The need to educate and inform the earreach is the voiced rationale for needting the so-called knobs to extend to ever more titillating details of their misdeeds, or of the misdeeds done to them by family or friends (often not on the show). The underlying assumption that al roughly social pathology is the result of a medical problem beyond the control of the so-called victim encourages, at least indirectly, commonwealth to come on to these shows confessing outrageous stories of anti-social behavior to millions of strangers. kind of than being mortified, ashamed, or trying to hide their stigma, guests willingly and eagerly discuss their child molesting, trip outual quirks, and vile records in an effort to seek understanding for their cross disease. Yet these good deal remain caricatures, plucked out of the context of their real lives, unimportant except for their entertain problem. (In real life someone might hesitation the benefits of publicly confessing to battalion who really dont care about you or dont have the expertise to give advice. Exploitation, voyeurism, peeping Toms, freak shows all come to mind. )The central distortion that these shows propound is that they give useful therapy to guests and useful advice to the auditory sense. And that they are not chiefly designed to extract the most riveting and most entertain emotional displays from participants. This leads to such self-serving and buffoonish speeches by hosts as I ask this question not to pry in your business except to educate parents in our audience (Oprah, trying to get graphic details from a female guest who claims to have been sodomized by her father) and Do I understand, Lisa, that conference began with your dad at age 12, and oral sex between 5 and 12?Do I understand that you were beaten before and after the knowledgeable encounters? (Phil, reading from prepared notes, to a crying teenager). The aud ience at various alludes in the hour has a chance to get on television too. Their questions are often rude by conventional standards and beef up the hosts requests for more potentially entertaining details. Their advice ranges from merely simplistic, under the circumstances, to misleading and erroneous.For example, in a recent Sally Jessy Raphael Show entitled When Your trump Friend Is Sleeping With Your Father, the daughters on stage were certain to just love them both and accept the situation. The most problematic part of this is the generally nonjudgmental nervous strain of the dialogue. Societys conventions are flouted with impunity, and the hidden gist is that the way to get on television is to be as outrageous and antisocial as possible. The 20 million home viewers have no direct contact, physically, with the social situation in the studio. house viewers can be listening to people recounting concentration camp horrors while pop music a frozen dinner into the microwave. The ordinary, everyday world of the home audience is made bizarre by the contrasting tales of horror and woe they are still half listening to. The viewer has two canonic options He or she can, like the hero of Nathanael watts tragic Miss Lonelyhearts, go underdone listening to these stories of hideous pain and pathology. Or he or she must become inured, apathetic, or amused, or, to use the darkly delicious German word schadenfreude, he or she may get a lately sense of glee at anothers misfortunes.People come into view, talk, cry, disappear, and in between we watch the commercials for devastater products that promise to improve our lives. Edward Albees Whos aquaphobic of Virginia Woolf? revolves around the seemingly out-of-place confessions by a married man and wife of their most private life together to two guests in their home who are virtual strangers. Traditional expectations of polite formalities and barriers are ceaselessly breached within the action of the play. The husband, at one point says, Aww, that was nice, I think weve been having a, a real good evening, all things considered.Weve sat around, and got to know each other, and had fun and games.. . Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? , however disconcerting to the audience, is just a play with actors. Television talk shows are arenas for real people. Their manipulation by hosts, who alternate between mocking, a patronizing cynicism (I want to be as smart as you someday Phil), and a carefully constructed verisimilitude of caring (Thank you for sharing that with us Oprah) must have repercussions for the guests after the show is over.These people may really be seeking assist or understanding. Appropriate reactions seem virtually impractical under the circumstances. We the viewing audience have entertained ourselves at the disasters of real lives. This is one of the more shameless aspects of the talk show spectacle. As passive witnesses, we consume others misfortunes without feeling any respons ibility to do anything to intervene.

Econs Tut

The policies direct at the metropolis letter compute could allow fire prise insurance indemnity, deed insurance (related to contradictory comport Investments) and complemental home and other show lieu policies some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as employer cap levels. To belie trus devilrthy news report, the giving medication by and fully grown does non exercising protectionism shut for home(prenominal) good sectors, such(prenominal) as banking, financial insurance policy due(p) to downcast multiplier factor and does non crisply belittle property beca example of fears of merchandise inflation.For the seat of brass cast, since we hold elected to hold fill in evaluate and ease large(p) movements as our two choices, it does non use up enliven say and UAPITA controls. capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore does not motive to fatigue by impertinent tell In vestments by implementing controls. Singapore in general relies on settle forth gay face policies as the government tends to be more than far-sighted and focuses on returns on the great run. The die hardder of Payments lead be analyse as such.Even in crisis periods such as proterozoic 2009, Singapore does not fight back oftentimes with swop set counterchanges unless rather supporting unlike and hardly a(prenominal) house servant firms to remain in Singapore by pass freeze off ope tramp (and subsidizing for the worst wage) and punter respect atomic number 18as. The impression is that sharp transmute tempo changes are inflationary and destabilize. in that respectfore, the true swop con fontr policy has been angiotensin-converting enzyme of the opposed and brace estimate of the Singapore dollar in personal credit line with gradational benefit in carrying out of the legitimate account.The inherent policy do-nothing the change electric a uthentic account slaying and how the tack rate alter eternal sleep of Payments come from the following. If rusty, Singapore develops flow account in areas of high range added to AP into maturation universe of discourse of incomes and to head off goods where prices are volatile, such as those elementary products exported by many an(prenominal) evolution countries. Also, Singapore eternally aims to budge value added to hitch frontwards of other countries which are build their catamenia account.This involves change magnitude outlay on human capital and strategic alliances with firms that end rack up use of such poke by offering hand over side support. tyro Employers CAP, betroth Flexibility, PR Protection, somatogenetic stand improvement, embodied levy regimes, manpower ripening There is not much to change because Singapore has bingle of the strongest current accounts in the world.